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Editor’s Pick
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IS-MPMI > COMMUNITY > Interactions > Categories
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|  Maize Root Exudates Promote Bacillus sp. Za Detoxification of Diphenyl Ether Herbicides by Enhancing Colonization and Biofilm Formation
Diphenyl ether herbicides are extensively utilized in agricultural systems, but their residues threaten the health of sensitive rotation crops. Functional microbial strains can degrade diphenyl ether herbicides in the rhizosphere of crops, facilitating the restoration of a healthy agricultural environment. However, the interplay between microorganisms and plants in degradation of diphenyl ether herbicides remains unclear. To explore this, Yanning Tian et al. employed the herbicide-degrading strain Bacillus sp. Za and a sensitive crop (maize)—finding that root exudates enhance Bacillus sp. Za's degradation of diphenyl ether herbicides through a positive feedback loop with maize. The bacterium increases root exudate secretion, leading to improved rhizosphere colonization, biofilm formation, and herbicide degradation. Read the commentary by Assistant Feature Editor Siva Sankari.
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|   The
Zymoseptoria tritici Avirulence Factor AvrStb6 Accumulates in Hyphae Close to Stomata and Triggers a Wheat Defense Response Hindering Fungal Penetration
Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, is one of the most damaging wheat pathogens in Europe. In this Editor's Pick,
Julien Alassimone and colleagues shed light on the gene-for-gene resistance mechanisms in the wheat-Z. tritici pathosystem at the cytological and transcriptomic levels and demonstrate that stomatal penetration is a critical process for pathogenicity and resistance. Read the
commentary by
Manish Tiwari about this Editor's Pick.
More MPMI Editor's Picks and a Recent H. H. Flor Review Check out recent
MPMI Editor's Picks and a H. H. Flor Review: From
January 2024, learn about the
Phytophthora sojae effector PsCRN108 in the Editor's Pick by
Zitong Yang et al. To learn more, read the
commentary by
Amelia Lovelace. From
April 2024, learn how the
Xanthomonas
oryzae pv.
oryzae transcription regulator XooClp regulates Type IV Pili-mediated virulence in the Editor's Pick by
Raj Kumar Verma et al. Learn more about plant pattern recognition receptors in the
February 2024 H.H. Flor Review by
Chao Zhang et al.
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 A Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Synthesis Gene in Mesorhizobium huakuii Plays Differentiated Roles in Root Nodule Symbiotic Compatibility with Astragalus sinicus
Exploring the role of O-antigen in rhizobium–legume symbiosis, Zhide Tang and colleagues constructed a deletion mutant of MCHK_1752, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen polymerase gene in Mesorhizobium huakuii. The inoculation of six Astragalus sinicus accessions with MCHK_1752 resulted in highly different symbiotic phenotypes in the accessions, indicating that this O-antigen synthesis gene affects the symbiotic compatibility between M. huakuii and A. sinicus during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This study provides new insights into the important role of LPS in the establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation systems and lays the foundation for further dissection of the molecular mechanism underlying rhizobium–legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
 Putative NAD(P)-Binding Rossmann Fold Protein Is Involved in Chitosan-Induced Peroxidase Activity and Lipoxygenase Expression in Physcomitrium patens
Eeva Marttinen and colleagues screened part of the Physcomitrium patens mutant collection to elucidate the pathway of peroxidase activity in response to chitosan treatment. Screening of 385 plants for reduced extracellular peroxidase activity enabled the identification of candidate plants with altered responses to chitosan treatment and ultimately led to the discovery of a Rossmann fold protein in P. patens. This study suggests that the NAD(P)-binding Rossmann fold protein is involved as a novel player in the pathway leading to increased peroxidase activity after chitosan treatment and normal expression of lipoxygenase (LOX)—indicating a complex regulation of the defense response against pathogens in this species of moss.
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|  Tar spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Phyllachora maydis, was first identified in the United States in 2015 and has since evolved into a major impediment to corn production. Joshua MacCready and colleagues used both genomic and transcriptomic data to provide foundational insights into how this pathogen is invading its plant host corn to ultimately complete its life cycle. This work is fundamental to understanding this host-pathogen interaction, as well as to developing control strategies for tar spot of corn.
"What's New in MPMI!" is an open access series of live, online seminars that highlight trending MPMI papers presented by their authors. To increase accessibility and encourage global participation in the MPMI community, all virtual seminars are free to attend and open to anyone interested in molecular plant–microbe interactions.
Upcoming Seminars
November 13, 2023, at 7:00 p.m. CT
Hyelim Jeon and Cécile Segonzac will present "Manipulation of the Host Endomembrane System by Bacterial Effectors." Register to attend this free presentation.
December 5, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. CT
Hasna Boubakri will present "A Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein with Potential Functions in Infection and Nodulation." Register to attend this free presentation.
Recently Recorded Seminar
Sajjan Grover discusses his trending research that uncovered a dichotomous role of jasmonic acid in modulating sorghum defense against aphids. Watch this free presentation to learn more about the complexity of a plant–aphid interaction.
Watch Now!
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 NX Trichothecenes Are Required for Fusarium graminearum Infection of Wheat
While the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was previously shown to be a major virulence factor for Fusarium graminearum on wheat, the more recently discovered NX trichothecenes have not been characterized for their role in virulence. Guixia Hao and colleagues evaluated the role of NX trichothecenes in virulence using TRI5 gene disruptions that eliminated trichothecene biosynthesis during F. graminearum infection of wheat heads to show that the reduction in NX trichothecenes decreased both the initial infection of the wheat head and the subsequent spread compared to the wild-type strains. This work provides novel information on the mode of action of a new class of trichothecenes and exposes the TRI5 gene as a promising target for controlling Fusarium head blight of both wheat and barley.
 Arabidopsis Dynamin-Related Protein AtDRP2A Contributes to Late Flg22-Signaling and Effective Immunity Against Pseudomonas syringae Bacteria
Arabidopsis thaliana encodes two paralogs of the endocytic accessory protein DRP2. Gayani Enkanayake and colleagues further defined the functions of these two paralogs using the FLS2-flg22 system. Loss of AtDRP2A led to increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, and the effects resulting from the loss of AtDRP2A were distinct from the effects caused by the loss of AtDRP2B—with DRP2A being important for late flg22-mediated responses but not early responses, unlike DRP2B. This finding provides a new tool for investigating ligand-induced endocytosis of receptors in immunity.
 The Potyviral Protein 6K2 from Turnip Mosaic Virus Increases Plant Resilience to Drought
Ved Prakash and colleagues demonstrated that Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) can positively impact host plants by increasing plant survival under drought conditions. Their results show that at least three viral proteins contribute to enhanced drought tolerance in TuMV-infected Arabidopsis thaliana, with one of these proteins also conveying drought tolerance when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. This protein enhanced salicylic acid accumulation in both A. thaliana and N. benthamiana, demonstrating an ecological function in the plant during drought conditions.
 On May 9, 2023, Janak Joshi, Amy Charkowski, and Adam Heuberger presented their MPMI Editor's Pick, "Protease Inhibitors from Solanum chacoense Inhibit Pectobacterium Virulence by Reducing Bacterial Protease Activity and Motility."
Watch the recorded presentation to learn more about proteomics, wild potato disease resistance, and the potential for protecting cultivated potatoes in the field. Watch now. View all virtual seminars.
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 Two Candidate
Meloidogyne javanica Effector Genes,
MjShKT and
MjPUT3: A Functional Investigation of Their Roles in Regulating Nematode Parasitism
As one of the most destructive plant parasites,
Meloidogyne root-knot nematodes infect thousands of plant species.
Anil
Kumar et al. used transcriptomic data from
M. javanica on tomato to identify two candidate
M. javanica effectors potentially involved in nematode infection. Functional characterization of these effectors showed that
MjShKT is involved in the inhibition of programmed cell death and that
MjPUT3 may be involved in modifying root morphology—both of which improve the in planta fitness of the pathogen. This work provides another step toward understanding the important interaction between plants and nematodes.
 Comparative Genomic Analysis of 31
Phytophthora Genomes Reveals Genome Plasticity and Horizontal Gene Transfer
Plant pathogens in the genus
Phytophthora cause major economic losses globally.
Brent Kronmiller and colleagues evaluated the relationships among 31 newly sequenced individual
Phytophthora species using comparative genomics and transcriptomics and found variation in effector compliments, as well as predicted genes, that were likely involved in horizontal gene transfer events. This work provides a substantial resource for future studies involving
Phytophthora species.
 Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense
To combat the phloem-limited 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' pathogen,
Paola Reyes Caldas and colleagues determined its effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted via the general secretory pathway across four different haplotypes. Additionally, they investigated effector localization in planta and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. Their results reveal that 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles, and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. This research opens the door for identifying novel targets of these effectors to manage vector-borne diseases.
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|  June
Two AMP-Binding Domain Proteins from Rhizophagus irregularis Involved in Import of Exogenous Fatty Acids M. Brands and P. Dörmann Since it is unknown how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) take up host-derived fatty acids, which they need for nutrients, Mathias Brands and Peter Dörmann describe the characterization of two AMP-binding domain protein genes from Rhizophagus irregularis with sequence similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae fatty acid transporter 1 (FAT1). Their results suggest the two proteins might be involved in fatty acid import into the fungal arbuscules in colonized roots.
 July
Recognition of Microbe- and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns by Leucine-Rich Repeat Pattern Recognition Receptor Kinases Confers Salt Tolerance in Plants E. P.-I. Loo, Y. Tajima, K. Yamada, S. Kido, T. Hirase, H. Ariga, T. Fujiwara, K. Tanaka, T. Taji, I. E. Somssich, J. E. Parker, and Y. Saijo Eliza Loo et al. find that activation of MAMP/DAMP signaling by a broad array of signals primes the plant to tolerate subsequent salt stress, demonstrating integration of abiotic and biotic signals via a conserved BAK1/BIK1 signaling pathway. This example of a biotic signaling promoting subsequent tolerance of an abiotic stress reveals the complexity of interactions of plants with their living and nonliving environment and may open new avenues to promote plant health in the field.
 August
Involvement of Arabidopsis Acyl Carrier Protein 1 in PAMP-Triggered Immunity Z. Zhao, J. Fan, P. Yang, Z. Wang, S. Obol Opiyo, D. Mackey, and Y. Xia Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are central components of fatty acid (FA) synthesis. Zhenzhen Zhao et al. show that ACP1 influences plant immunity by maintaining the balance of defense hormones jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, providing a direct link between FA and lipid biosynthesis to plant immune responses. This opens up the possibility of engineering disease-resistant plant varieties by modifying the expression levels of ACP1 in economically important crops.
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| MarchTwo Related Picks from the MPMI Editors: We've studied rhizobia and legumes for a long time, and here we highlight two Editor's Picks that are beginning to address a whole new field: positive effects on nonhost plant growth and development by rhizobia. Both the Mercedes Schroeder et al. and the Casandra Hernández-Reyes et al. papers identify specific mechanisms by which symbiotic rhizobium bacteria promote the root growth of a nonhost, Arabidopsis, altering root architecture via auxin transport (Schroeder et al.) and modulating cell division and cell elongation via NLP-mediated nitrate signaling (Hernández-Reyes et al.).
 Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19
Mercedes M. Schroeder, Melissa Y. Gomez, Nathan McLain, and Emma W. Gachomo Plant root development changes in response to beneficial rhizobacteria. This MPMI paper by Schroeder et al. shows B. japonicum's influence on host transcriptional reprogramming during their beneficial interaction. Through bacterial association with knockout lines, plant auxin efflux transporters were identified as critical to developing the B. japonicum-modified root architecture.
 NIN-Like Proteins: Interesting Players in Rhizobia-Induced Nitrate Signaling Response During Interaction with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana
Casandra Hernández-Reyes, Elisabeth Lichtenberg, Jean Keller, Pierre-Marc Delaux, Thomas Ott, and Sebastian T. Schenk As an essential macronutrient, nitrogen plays an important role in plant development and plant–microbe symbioses, including legume–rhizobia interactions. Hernández-Reyes et al. demonstrate that a nitrate-related NLP signaling pathway in Arabidopsis regulates rhizobium-induced lateral root growth and increased root hair length and density. The involvement of two NLP transcription factors in mediating this response and their similarity to known legume NLPs involved in nodule symbiosis suggests the response to rhizobia is a trait shared within that protein clade.
April
 Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles Indicates That Glycerophospholipid Metabolism Contributes to Early Symbiosis Between Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 and Soybean
Dongzhi Li, Ziqi Li, Jing Wu, Zhide Tang, Fuli Xie, Dasong Chen, Hui Lin, and Youguo Li Gram-negative bacteria can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and most functional studies of OMVs have been focused on mammalian-bacterial interactions. Research on the OMVs of rhizobia is limited. In this work, Dhongzhi Li et al. isolated and purified OMVs from Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 under free-living conditions that were set as control (C-OMVs) and symbiosis-mimicking conditions that were induced by genistein (G-OMVs).
May
 Synergistic Effects of a Root-Endophytic Trichoderma Fungus and Bacillus on Early Root Colonization and Defense Activation Against Verticillium longisporum in Rapeseed
Fatema Binte Hafiz, Narges Moradtalab, Simon Goertz, Steffen Rietz, Kristin Dietel, Wilfried Rozhon, Klaus Humbeck, Joerg Geistlinger, Günter Neumann, and Ingo Schellenberg Rhizosphere-competent microbes often interact with plant roots and exhibit beneficial effects on plant performance. Numerous bacterial and fungal isolates are able to prime host plants for fast adaptive responses against pathogen attacks. The combined action of fungi and bacteria may lead to synergisms exceeding the effects of single strains. This study by Fatema Binte Hafiz et al. offers a perspective for the development of alternative and sustainable approaches to enhance the tolerance of rapeseed cultures against fungal infections.
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|  Increasingly, new evidence is revealing variability in the epitope regions of bacterial flagellin, including in regions harboring the microbe-associated molecular patterns flg22 and flgII-28 that are recognized by the pattern recognition receptors. Learn more from Maria Malvino and colleagues in their paper "Influence of Flagellin Polymorphisms, Gene Regulation, and Responsive Memory on the Motility of Xanthomonas Species That Cause Bacterial Spot Disease of Solanaceous Plants."
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